Young's Moduli of Surface-Bound Liposomes by Atomic Force Microscopy Force Measurements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mechanical properties of layers of intact liposomes attached by specific interactions on solid surfaces were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) force measurements. Force-distance measurements using colloidal probe tips were obtained over liposome layers and used to calculate Young's moduli by using the Hertz contact theory. A classical Hertz model and a modified Hertz one have been used to extract Young's moduli from AFM force curves. The modified model, proposed by Dimitriadis, is correcting for the finite sample thickness since Hertz's classical model is assuming that the sample is infinitely thick. Values for Young's moduli of 40 and 8 kPa have been obtained using the Hertz model for one and three layers of intact liposomes, respectively. Young's moduli of approximately 3 kPa have been obtained using the corrected Hertz model for both one and three layers of surface-bound liposomes. Compression work performed by the colloidal probe to compress these liposome layers has also been calculated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".