Submillimeter Observations of IC 10: The Dust Properties and Neutral Carbon Content of a Low‐Metallicity Starburst
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present submillimeter observations of the Local Group, metal-poor, irregular dwarf galaxy IC 10, directly relevant to the interaction between interstellar medium (ISM) and star formation activity in primeval galaxies. Using the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, we have observed the fine-structure neutral carbon transition 3 P 1 → 3 P 0 at 492 GHz and the rotational J = 3 → 2 transition of 12 CO and 13 CO in the most massive giant molecular cloud complex in this galaxy, IC 10-SE. We find that, although the I / I CO ratio for this object is a factor of 4 larger than the typical Milky Way value, its [C I] to CO intensity ratio I / I CO ≃ 18 ± 2 (in units of ergs s -1 cm -2 sr -1 ) is similar (only about 50% larger) to that of the Milky Way. Modelling of the behavior of the [C II]/CO and [C I]/CO intensity ratios with metallicity indicates that, if C + and C 0 are chiefly produced by UV photodissociation in the photodissociation region, both ratios should increase sharply with decreasing metallicity (and consequently diminished UV shielding). These data then suggest a different origin for an important fraction of C 0 in these clouds, unrelated to photodissociation. We have also mapped the 850 μm continuum in this region using the Submillimetre Common User Bolometer Array. Employing these data in conjunction with KAO and IRAM measurements we find that the 100-1300 μm continuum emission corresponds to a graybody with an extremely low emissivity exponent, β ~ 0.5. We conclude that this low exponent is most likely due to the destruction of small dust grains, brought about by the increased penetration of UV radiation in the low-metallicity ISM. If a low emissivity exponent in the submillimeter is a general property of metal-poor systems, then the interpretation of millimeter and submillimeter surveys of high- z galaxies should be revised.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".