A model for normal swallowing sounds generation based on wavelet analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper a new model for swallowing sounds generation is proposed. The model consists of two systems: one that simulates the movements and activities of the muscles and the bones in the pharynx and the interactions between the bolus and the pharynx structure, followed by the second system representing the transfer function of the esophageal wall structure, tissue and skin beneath the microphone as the bolus travels through. Cepstrum analysis was used to estimate this transfer function. Based on the estimated transfer function, Symlet wavelet of order 8 was used to find the impulse train representing the output of the first part of the model. To have a general understanding whether such a model can be a representative of swallowing sound generation, its performance in describing differences in swallowing sounds characteristics for two bolus textures with different viscosities was evaluated. The results show the model may predict the changes in the swallowing sounds characteristics and the outcomes of the model comply with the common knowledge of the swallowing mechanism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".