Cellular and subcellular localization of neurokinin‐1 and neurokinin‐3 receptors in primate globus pallidus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The primate globus pallidus receives massive innervations from GABAergic striatal neurons that co-release the neuropeptide substance P (SP). To expand our knowledge regarding SP interaction at pallidal level, we used single and double antigen retrieval methods to study the cellular and subcellular localization of SP and its high-affinity receptors neurokinin-1 (NK-1R) and neurokinin-3 (NK-3R) in the globus pallidus of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). At the light microscopic level, a large number of neurons and fibers located in both the external (GPe) and internal (GPi) segments of the globus pallidus expressed NK-1R or NK-3R immunoreactivity. At the electron microscopic level, both NK-1R and NK-3R were mainly associated with intracellular sites or located at extrasynaptic positions on the plasma membrane. Presynaptic axon terminals forming symmetric and asymmetric synapses occasionally contained NK-1R and NK-3R. Neurokinin receptors were also observed in a proportion of SP-immunoreactive axon terminals, but these terminals preferentially expressed NK-3R. The pattern of distribution of NK-1R and NK-3R in GPe and GPi indicates that SP effects at pallidal level are mediated through postsynaptic receptor as well as presynaptic autoreceptors and heteroreceptors. These morphological data suggest that, either alone or in conjunction with GABA, SP could have a wide range of effects at pallidal level. This neuroactive peptide may influence in a significant manner the integration and treatment of neural information that flows through the basal ganglia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".