Surface Tension Measurement at High Temperatures by using Dynamics of Melt Flow
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Surface tension of melts at high temperature has significant effects on different industrial processes. In a new containerless method for surface tension measurement, an atmospheric radio-frequency inductively coupled plasma melts metallic or ceramic rods and a high-speed charge-coupled device records the drop formation caused by melting. Pendant drops produced by the melt flow are compared with the theoretical Young–Laplace (YL) profiles. Moreover, the dynamics of the melt flow is mimicked by using numerical simulations of drop injection from a nozzle. The numerical model solves the axisymmetric Navier–Stokes equations for both the melt and the surrounding gas by using the finite volume method. Since the YL equations provide theoretical pendant drop profiles based on an inviscid quasiequilibrium condition, a detailed study of the differences between experimental, numerical, and theoretical profiles demonstrates some of the hydrodynamic effects influencing the surface tension measurement methods, which are based on drop profiles. Results from this surface tension measurement method, in addition to a discussion on the hydrodynamic effects, are presented.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it