Numerical investigation of transient hydration of unsaturated geosynthetic clay liners
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) are commonly used as hydraulic barriers, owing to their low hydraulic conductivity and their ability to form a composite barrier system with geomembranes. The GCL is manufactured and placed at a low initial moisture content, and must hydrate in the field in order to function as an effective barrier. With the overlying geomembrane limiting infiltration from above, moisture must come from the underlying foundation soil. In this paper, numerical simulations are completed to calibrate models for GCL hydration followed by a sensitivity analysis on the underlying soil properties and moisture content. The results show that the driving factor used to predict the GCL hydration level is the suction value provided by the underlying soil. The GCL requires such a small quantity of moisture relative to the amount in the soil that the suction within the soil at the beginning and end of models is relatively constant. The time rate of GCL hydration was found to be mainly a function of the unsaturated properties of the GCL. A methodology is developed to predict the final GCL moisture content and time rate of hydration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".