Inference of vertical soil moisture distribution using high-frequency CMP and reflection traveltime analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High-frequency ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were used to investigate temporal water content variations in a vertical soil column characterized by stratified clean sand deposits over multiple annual cycles. Reflection profiling and common-midpoint (CMP) soundings were coincidently performed using 900 MHz antennas across a 2 m intensive monitoring profile. Our ability to identify fixed reflection events along a vertical soil profile permits inference of soil water flux across defined soil intervals in a non-invasive manner. Soil moisture contents were estimated from two-way traveltime measurements between seasonally coherent stratigraphic interfaces in the upper 2-3 m of soil. Interval thicknesses between stratigraphic interfaces were estimated from normal-moveout velocity analysis of coincidently collected CMP soundings. Interval traveltimes from reflection profiles were then converted to wave velocity using the interval thickness estimates and a volumetric water content estimate using an appropriate petrophysical relationship. The GPR effectively characterized long (e.g., seasonal trends) and short-period (e.g., distinct wetting events) variations in vertical soil moisture distribution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".