Failure of X52 Wrinkled Pipelines Subjected to Monotonic Axial Deformation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate and understand the behavior of a wrinkled energy pipeline when subjected to sustained monotonic axial compressive deformation. This study involved both experimental and numerical investigations. Two full-scale laboratory tests with moderate and high internal pressures on X52 grade steel pipes with a diameter-to-thickness ratio of 45 show that this pipeline is extremely ductile and did not rupture under axisymmetric compressive axial deformation. However, they fail due to the excessive cross-sectional deformation and the final deformed shape looks like an accordion due to the formation of multiple wrinkles. Subsequently, a detailed parametric study using a numerical technique was undertaken to determine the failure condition and failure mode of this pipeline for various realistic internal pressures and diameter-to-thickness ratios. A nonlinear finite element method was used for the numerical study. The numerical model was validated with the data obtained from the two full-scale tests. The parametric study shows that the X52 linepipe loses its integrity due to the rupture in the pipe wall if the internal pressure is low and/or if the pipe has a small diameter-to-thickness ratio. This paper presents and discusses the results obtained both from the experimental and numerical parametric studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".