Investigation of energy dependence of EBT and EBT‐2 Gafchromic film
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to quantify the extent of energy dependence of Gafchromic film to x-ray energies ranging in quality from 105 kVp to 6 MV, and relate this dependency to the film's chemical composition and date of production. METHODS: Lots of Gafchromic EBT film manufactured in 2004 and 2005 together with more recent batches produced in 2007 were evaluated for energy dependence. Multiple batches of EBT-2 film were also evaluated. Energy dependence was quantified as Rx-the ratio of net optical density (netOD) measured at a given energy x relative to the netOD measured at 6 MV, as measured on a linear accelerator. Rx was evaluated for beam qualities of 105 and 220 kVp on a clinical orthovoltage unit using two separate techniques-a flatbed scanner (Epson) and a real-time fiber-optic readout system. Neutron activation analysis for chlorine and bromine content was performed on all the films to determine whether the composition of the film had changed between batches of film exhibiting different energy dependence responses. RESULTS: For batches of EBT manufactured in 2007, R105 kVp was 0.75 and R220 kVp was 0.85, indicating an under-response at orthovoltage energies. These results were confirmed using both the Epson flatbed scanner as well as the real-time readout system. For batches of EBT film manufactured before 2006, Rl05 kVp ranged from 0.9 to 1.0. The results from the neutron activation analysis confirmed a direct relationship between the concentration of chlorine and the magnitude of under-response at orthovoltage energies. EBT-2 film exhibited R105 kVp values ranging from 0.79 (under-response) to 1.20 (over-response) among batches containing varying concentrations of bromine, chlorine, and potassium. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicated that differences in energy response of EBT and EBT-2 films were due to differences in the chemical composition and therefore the effective atomic number of the film, which have changed over time. To achieve an energy independent dosimeter over a range of kilovoltage energies, the effective atomic number of the dosimeter must be closely matched to that of water. Small deviations in chemical composition can lead to large deviations in response as a function of energy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".