Deposit Formation in Evaporation of a Pulp Mill Effluent
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A preliminary study was undertaken of the fouling of clarified wastewater from a “zero”-liquid discharge bleached chemi-thermo-mechanical pulp mill. This work concerned the fouling process that occurs in mechanical vapor recompression evaporators, which comprise the first stage of the evaporation and concentration system. The clarified wastewater contains dissolved and suspended solids, both of which increase as the liquor is concentrated. Solids contain roughly 20% mineral matter and the remainder is organic material. Thermal fouling measurements were made in a countercurrent double-pipe exchanger in which liquors of three different concentrations were heated by condensing steam. The decline in heat transfer coefficient was tracked over periods of several days at fixed steam temperature and fluid velocity. Fouling increased with both liquor concentration and steam temperature. Soft, sludge-like deposits that contained mainly organic material were found. The inorganic fraction was about 25% and consisted primarily of calcium, magnesium, and silicon. The sources of the inorganic fraction in the deposits are discussed, and deposit analyses are compared with those of the solids present in the liquor.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".