Static coefficient of friction between Ti‐6Al‐4V and PMMA for cemented hip and knee implants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The static coefficient of friction between Ti-6Al-4V and PMMA was determined experimentally. A microtopographic surface analysis of the Ti-6Al-4V and PMMA specimens used in the experiments was performed to characterize the surfaces. The coefficient of friction between Ti-6Al-4V and PMMA in both dry and wet conditions, using both Ringer's solution and bovine serum, was determined by the standard inclined plane test, following the ASTM 4516-91 method, and by a prototype computerized sliding friction tester. The effects of surface roughness and of contact pressure on the coefficient of friction also have been investigated. Tests were performed at 26 degrees C and at body temperature of 37 degrees C. Considering all the tests, the overall range of the mean coefficients of friction varied between 0.17 and 0.32 in dry or wet conditions. For the same surface roughness in contact, in general the coefficient of friction using Ringer's solution was slightly lower than it was in dry conditions whereas bovine serum had a very high surface tension, which significantly increased the static coefficient of friction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".