Abortion and Seed Set in Lodgepole and Western White Pine Conelets Following Feeding by<i>Leptoglossus occidentalis</i>(Heteroptera: Coreidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann is a serious pest of second-year cones in conifer seed orchards. We investigated the impact of this insect on first-year pine conelets. L. occidentalis adults and nymphs were caged on conelets of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann, and western white pine, Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don. Abortion in lodgepole pine conelets was negligible, but feeding by nymphs reduced seed production by 75% compared with unexposed controls. Mortality of nymphs on lodgepole pine conelets was almost 100%, suggesting that conelets of this species are not a suitable food source for L. occidentalis. When nymphs had access to second-year cones, seed set in conelets was unaffected, and survival of nymphs greatly improved. Seventy-five percent of western white pine conelets exposed to L. occidentalis nymphs aborted, compared with none in unexposed controls. Seed set in surviving cones was reduced by 47%. Conelet abortion fell to 10% when nymphs were provided with an alternative food source. In pine seed orchards, damage to conelets probably is caused primarily by nymphs remaining on trees after second-year cones have been harvested.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".