Bibliographic record
Abstract
For years immittance has been used in order to help diagnose middle ear pathologies. Specifically, multi-frequency tympanometry (MFT) is able to relate information regarding the mechano-acoustical characteristics of the middle ear system. In the past two decades a new method of middle ear measurement, wideband reflectance (WBR), has been introduced. WBR is the ratio of energy reflected from the surfaces of the ear canal and middle ear on its way to the cochlea in relation to the energy that reaches the surface, or incident energy. This ratio is known as energy reflectance. This paper adds to the limited normative data available, as well as explores whether these normative data have a clinical utility in the diagnosis of otosclerosis. Descriptive statistics were gathered from 62 (115 ears) Caucasian normal hearing adults as well as in seven patients (seven ears) with otosclerosis. All of the otosclerotic patients in this study deviated from the normative values on at least one of the four WBR parameters of power absorption, admittance, susceptance, or conductance even when their MFT results were within normal limits. Although only seven patients were tested, these results provided evidence in favor of the utility of WBR for diagnosis of otosclerosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".