Carbon-coated spinel Li<inf>4</inf>Ti<inf>5</inf>O<inf>12</inf> nanoparticles as an efficient anode for lithium ion battery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carbon-coated spinel Li4Ti5O12anode nanoparticles were synthesized. Amorphous carbon-coating on the surface of Li4Ti5O12particles with optimized coating thickness is confirmed by analytical characterizations techniques of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Those Li4Ti5O12particles have cubic spinel-type crystal structure with an average size of 50 nm. The electrochemical measurement of those Li4Ti5O12nanoparticles demonstrated an enhanced performance in terms of coulombic efficiency and discharge capacity retention of 170 mAh/g at rate of C/5 after 80 cycles, which was attributed to the increased electron transport and fast lithium-ion insertion/extraction, as a result of uniform amorphous carbon coating.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".