Concentrated Bitumen-in-Water Emulsification in Coaxial Mixers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A semibatch bitumen emulsification process to generate droplet size in the submicrometer range was developed in a coaxial mixer using a high-internal-phase ratio (HIPR) step followed by dilution to the final concentration of the dispersed phase. An HIPR emulsion is characterized by nonspherical droplets shape separated by thin films due to low ratio between the continuous- and dispersed-phase concentrations. The same mixing system was used to prepare the HIPR intermediate and the eventual emulsion, based on a pitched blade turbine on the high-speed shaft and two different types of close-clearance impellers on the low-speed shaft. It was found that the most critical process stage to achieve the mean droplet size was the preparation of the HIPR emulsion. The dispersed-phase and surfactant concentrations, the close-clearance impeller rotational speed, and agitation time were identified as key process parameters to control the droplet size. These parameters were combined to provide a prediction model of the average droplet size with two dimensionless parameters, namely, the initial surfactant concentration in the continuous phase and the bitumen weighted deformation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".