Revisiting the power flow problem based on a mixed complementarity formulation approach
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A novel optimisation‐based model of the power flow (PF) problem is proposed using complementarity conditions to properly represent generator bus voltage controls, including reactive power limits and voltage recovery processes. This model is then used to prove that the Newton–Raphson (NR) solution method for solving the PF problem is basically a step of the generalised reduced gradient algorithm applied to the proposed optimisation problem. To test the accuracy, flexibility and the numerical robustness of the proposed model, the IEEE 14‐bus, 30‐bus, 57‐bus, 118‐bus and 300‐bus test systems and large real 1211‐bus and 2975‐bus systems are used, benchmarking the results of the proposed PF model against the standard NR method. It is shown that the proposed model yields adequate solutions, even in the case when the NR method fails to converge.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it