Air temperature changes in the Canadian Arctic from the early instrumental period to modern times
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An Erratum has been published for this article in International Journal of Climatology 25(14) 2005, 1955–1956. This article presents a detailed account of air temperature (using four thermal parameters: mean daily air temperature (MDAT), maximum daily temperature (TMAX), minimum daily temperature (TMIN), and diurnal temperature range (DTR)) in the Canadian Arctic from 1819 to 1859. As source data, the authors have used hourly, two-hourly, four-hourly, or six-hourly temperature measurements carried out during exploratory (land or marine) expeditions sent mainly by the Royal Navy to find the Northwest Passage and later also during a lost expedition under the command of Sir John Franklin. Standard climate analyses (using monthly means) and more detailed and precise analyses based on daily data showing a wide spectrum of temperature regimes were conducted. The latter analysis examined the frequency of occurrence of MDAT in particular intervals, day-to-day variability of MDAT, annual courses of MDAT and DTR, and the frequency of occurrence of different kinds of characteristic days (e.g. very warm, warm, severe cold, very cold). All studied aspects of historical temperature changes in the Canadian Arctic from 1819 to 1859 were compared with present-day (1961–1990) values. All the results obtained suggest that in the nineteenth century a moderate cooling occurred in the Canadian Arctic. The average annual temperature during the study period was only about 0.3 °C lower in comparison with the present-day value. The most typical features in the annual courses of air temperature in the study period were very cold winter months (December to February, 1.0–2.5 °C below today's norm) and warm springs (March to May, 0.2–2.6 °C above today's norm). The majority of mean monthly and daily temperatures lie within one SD from the modern mean. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".