Characterization of intensity-dependent optical rotation phenomena in chiral molecules in solution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The rotation of the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light by chiral molecules in solution is due to a forward scattering event. Ordinary optical rotation, a single-photon effect, is independent of intensity. As the light intensity is increased, other effects can appear, such as two-photon scattering or alignment of the molecule by one photon and scattering with a change of polarization by another. Both of these effects result in intensity-dependent (or nonlinear) optical rotation. A polarimeter was used to measure the nonlinear optical rotation of solutions in a heterodyne experiment. No nonlinear optical rotation was found in molecules lacking an absorption band near the laser frequency. In the three pyrimidine nucleosides studied, which do have such an absorption band, a nonlinear optical rotation was identified that was cumulative with each laser pulse. The effect persisted with a time constant that was on the order of seconds and characteristic of the molecule.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".