Fusaric acid, a<i>Fusarium verticillioides</i>metabolite, antagonistic to the endophytic biocontrol bacterium<i>Bacillus mojavensis</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An endophytic bacterium, Bacillus mojavensis Roberts, Nakamura & Cohan, was patented as a nonpathogenic biocontrol for plant diseases. However, before this bacterium can be used as a biocontrol agent, it must be evaluated against homologous competing organisms, some of which are equally successful endophytes, such as species of Fusarium that are symptomless endophytes, especially on maize. Preliminary field trials using this bacterium as a biocontrol agent against production of the fumonisin mycotoxins caused by infection of maize with Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (= Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon) was less than that observed with greenhouse studies. Fusarium verticillioides and other species produce fusaric acid. Fusaric acid at concentrations as low as 22 µmol/L accounted for a 41% reduction in CFU compared with the control group, while concentrations of 223 µmol/L and higher resulted in total toxicity to the bacterium. Mutants of F. verticillioides that produced low concentrations of fusaric acid did not affect the endophytic CFU of the bacterium in seedlings. These results suggest that fusaric acid accounted for the reduction of bacterial colonization and the resulting poor biocontrol activity and suggested its importance to the fungus is as an antibiotic, which assists in the in planta competition for the intercellular niche colonized by F. verticillioides during its endotrophic state.Key words: Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium verticillioides, bacterial endophyte, fungal endophyte, fumonisin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".