Ferromagnetism on the unpolished surfaces of single crystal metal oxide substrates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is shown that a variety of single crystal substrates (Al2O3, LaAlO3, SrTiO3, TiO2, and ZnO), purchased from commercial suppliers, contain a ferromagnetic component to the magnetization in addition to the expected linear magnetic response. This ferromagnetic contribution is only observed on the unpolished surfaces and can be eliminated by either polishing or annealing at 600 °C in air, but not by annealing at 600 °C in a vacuum of 5 × 10−6 Torr. Particle induced x-ray emission spectra demonstrate that there is excess Fe on the unpolished surfaces of these single crystal substrates. While defect related ferromagnetic signals have been reported in some of these substrates, and while our results do not exclude this origin of ferromagnetism, we clearly show that the ferromagnetic signals observed in our samples are largely due to excess iron on the unpolished surfaces, possibly in the form of a mixture of Fe, Fe3O4, and or γ-Fe2O3.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".