Infrared Titration of Aqueous Sulfuric Acid
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the infrared (IR) titration of aqueous sulfuric acid solutions (0.50 M) obtained by the attenuated total reflection (ATR) sampling technique. After subtracting the water spectra, the spectra of the ionic species of H 2 SO 4 in the 0−14 pH range were separated by factor analysis (FA) which also gave their abundance. The results were in agreement with the theoretical calculation of the distribution of the species. Three sulfate species were found: HSO 4 -, SO 4 2-, and HSO 4 - /HCl. The latter stands for the bisulfate−hydronium complex formed by the addition of HCl to obtain measurements in the 0−0.47 pH range. For 0.50 M sulfuric acid, the comparison between the experimentally IR-determined quantities and the theoretical values gave a mean activity coefficient of 0.12 ± 0.04, a value comparable to that from electrochemical measurements. Three types of water were quantitatively determined in the solutions: acidic water, basic water, and neutral water. The latter is always present while the two others are present in the low and high pH range, respectively. Another type of water strongly associated with the sulfates is also present. Moreover, knowledge of the behavior of the different types of water as the titration proceeded permitted us to give the details of the neutralization reactions of aqueous sulfuric acid by sodium hydroxide.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it