Egg consumption in mature Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For over a century, conventional wisdom has maintained that Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.) cease feeding when they return to freshwater rivers to spawn. Here, we overturn this belief by showing that multiple species of Pacific salmon consume eggs during spawning. Overall, 13% of stomachs contained eggs, and feeding rates were estimated at up to 14 eggs or 52 kJ per day. Feeding experiments revealed that mature salmon could digest eggs, as fed salmon maintained significantly higher body mass than unfed salmon. Such egg consumption presents a fundamental shift in our understanding of Pacific salmon ecology that may have important implications for migration and management models. Indeed, the energy from consumed eggs could allow salmon to migrate up to an additional 3.8 km upstream per day of feeding, or extend the duration of spawning activity by up to 12%. Furthermore, salmon stocks may have evolved local adaptations to their specific migration and spawning requirements that include nutrients from salmon eggs. Thus, successful salmon management efforts may need to preserve not only spawning habitat and migration corridors, but also feeding opportunities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".