Identification of Wells with High CO2-Leakage Potential in Mature Oil Fields Developed for CO2-Enhanced Oil Recovery
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Previous work, presented in SPE 106817, "Evaluation of the Potential for Gas and CO2 Leakage along Wellbores", described a method to predict the potential for wellbore leakage which primarily occurs in the shallow areas of a wellbore. The work presented here focuses on the potential for leakage to occur from the deep regions of a wellbore, particularly from viable oil reservoirs. The potential for wellbore leakage where CO2 emhanced oil recovery (EOR) or sequestration is or may be conducted is specifically investigated. The Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board collects and maintains data regarding cement types used in primary cementing of casing strings, stimulation information and abandonment data. These data were used to determine the potential for deep wellbore leakage in the presence of CO2. This deep wellbore leakage potential is then coupled with shallow wellbore leakage potential to predict which wells may leak to other reservoirs, potable groundwater aquifers or to the atmosphere in a CO2 sequestration or EOR project. Cements with additives such as bentonite have been shown to be particularly susceptible to CO2 attack. Wells were screened for cement blends placed in the deeper sections of the wellbore during primary cementing. This information is useful in predicting if a wellbore will remain leak free if CO2 is placed in the reservoir and the wellbore is contacted. The stimulation method was evaluated to determine if injected CO2 may break through to existing wellbores prior to full reservoir sweep, thus decreasing the time that the wellbore could remain leak free. Stimulations such as hydraulic fracture, perforating and acidizing with pressure were deemed to increase the likelihood that wellbores would leak due to cement sheath cracking coupled with CO2 attack of cement and casing. The abandonment method was also evaluated. In Alberta the primary form of zonal abandonment utilizes a mechanical bridge plug capped with cement. The bridge plug material is expected to fail in the presence of CO2 due to CO2 attack on elastomers and cast iron. Two large field evaluations are presented as case studies.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it