Water absorption pattern and dimensional stability of oil palm fiber–linear low density polyethylene composites
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The water absorption pattern and associated dimensional changes and solid loss of oil palm fiber–linear low density polyethylene composites was studied. The effects of fiber size (425–840, 177–425, and 75–177 μ), fiber loading (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%), and time of immersion (192 h at an interval of 24 h) on these parameters were also studied. Alkali treatment of fibers was done to reduce the hydrophilic nature of the composites and its effect was studied. It was found that the water absorption in most of the combinations followed typical Fickian behavior. The rate of water absorption and swelling increased with fiber loading. However, alkali treatment of the fibers resulted in a reduction of water absorption at higher fiber loadings only, and composites with higher fiber sizes exhibited higher water absorption. A sharp increase in the thickness swelling was observed in the initial days of immersion, which remained constant thereafter. The thickness swelling also increased with fiber size; however, a constant trend was not observed for the 75–177 μ fiber size. In addition to thickness swelling, composites also expanded linearly during water absorption; however, linear expansion was considerably less than thickness swelling. Higher fiber loading and alkali treatment caused more linear expansion. We observed that maximum solid loss on water immersion occurred with small‐sized and also alkali‐treated fiber composites. An increase in thickness and a decrease in linear dimension were observed after one sorption–desorption cycle. This irreversible change was also found to be proportional to fiber loading and alkali treatment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".