Nanohybrid materials from the intercalation of imidazolium ionic liquids in kaolinite
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A series of novel organic–inorganic nanohybrid materials were obtained by the intercalation in the interlamellar spaces of the clay mineral kaolinite, of ionic liquids based on imidazolium derivatives. The intercalation procedure was successfully accomplished via a melt reaction strategy using the dimethylsulfoxide–kaolinite intercalate (DMSO-K) as a precursor. 13C MAS NMR as well as XRD, TGA/DTA and FTIR studies confirmed the complete displacement of DMSO molecules by the imidazolium salts during the intercalation process. Increase of the basal spacing from 1.1 nm in DMSO-K to 1.3–1.7 nm in the nanohybrid materials was observed, indicating that imidazolium derivatives are oriented in a way such that the imidazole ring is parallel, or slightly tilted by an angle of 10–25°, with respect to the kaolinite internal surfaces. The number of moles of organic material loaded in the nanohybrids was obtained from several independent measurements. The intercalation of the imidazolium salts increases the thermal stability of the resulting material by more than 150 °C with respect to DMSO-K. After heating under air at 300 °C for two hours, XRD showed that the structure of the intercalates was kept with only a slight decrease of the intercalation ratio. The original kaolinite structure was recovered after heating the intercalate at 350 °C for an additional two hours. This observed high thermal stability is promising for the use of these nanohybrid materials as precursor for the synthesis of new nanocomposites by incorporation of polymer in kaolinite at high temperature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".