Novel Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs Possessing a Nitric Oxide Donor Diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate Moiety: Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Nitric Oxide Release Studies
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A novel group of hybrid nitric oxide-releasing nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs ((*)NO-NSAIDs) possessing a 1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (11, 13, 15) or 1-(N,N-dimethylamino)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (12, 14, 16) moiety attached via a one-carbon methylene spacer to the carboxylic acid group of the traditional NSAIDs aspirin, ibuprofen, and indomethacin were synthesized. Although none of these ester prodrugs (11-16) exhibited in vitro cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitory activity against the COX-1 and COX-2 isozymes (IC(50) > 100 microM), all of the compounds (11-16) significantly decreased carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. In this regard, the ester prodrugs 11-16 showed equipotent antiinflammatory activities in vivo to that of the parent drugs aspirin, ibuprofen, and indomethacin. All of the compounds released nitric oxide upon incubation with either phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.4 (14-16% range) or porcine liver esterase (16-19% range), but the percentage of (*)NO released was up to sixfold higher (93%) when these ester prodrugs were incubated with guinea pig serum. These incubation studies suggest that both (*)NO and the parent NSAID would be released upon in vivo cleavage by nonspecific serum esterases. The simultaneous release of aspirin and nitric oxide from the (*)NO-aspirin prodrugs constitutes a potentially beneficial property for the prophylactic prevention of thrombus formation and adverse cardiovascular events such as stroke and myocardial infarction. The data acquired in an in vivo ulcer index (UI) assay showed that for this group of ester prodrugs, particularly the (*)NO-aspirins (11, 12) and (*)NO-ibuprofens (13, 14), no lesions were observed (UI = 0) when compared to the parent drugs aspirin (UI = 57, 250 mg/kg po dose), ibuprofen (UI = 45, 250 mg/kg po dose), or indomethacin (UI = 34, 30 mg/kg po dose) at equivalent doses. Accordingly, these hybrid (*)NO-NSAID prodrugs possessing a diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate moiety, represent a new approach for the rational design of antiinflammatory drugs with reduced gastric ulcerogenicity.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it