Internal waves and mixing in the epilimnion of a lake affects spatial patterns of zooplankton in a body‐size dependent manner
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lay Abstract Wind‐driven internal gravity waves, oscillations of a fluid density surface, are a common feature within the strongly stratified thermocline region of mid‐latitude lakes. We demonstrate that internal waves can propagate within the surface waters, or epilimnion, of Lake Opeongo, Ontario, during periods of weak stratification. We also note that within the epilimnion, zooplankton are not uniformly distributed spatially but are often distributed in patches as a result of the combination of their own movements and the effect of water currents. Using field data from July and August 2009 and 2010 we report observations of the relationship between enhanced heterogeneity of distribution in zooplankton and the presence of internal waves in the epilimnion. To quantify this relationship we compare measurements of small‐scale spatial distributions of zooplankton with a measure of wave activity. For the smallest size ranges of zooplankton (284–450 μm) we find that spatial variability is statistically greatest when internal waves are most active, whereas no such relationship exists for the two larger zooplankton size classes. The vertical velocities associated with the movement of internal waves are estimated to be faster than the swimming speeds of small zooplankton, essentially rendering them passive. This supports our assertion that the movement of internal waves contributes to the increased spatial variability of zooplankton in lakes.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it