Risk of Predation, Variation in Dissolved Oxygen, and their Impact upon Habitat Selection Decisions by Fathead Minnow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Recent laboratory experiments suggest that for some species, an inverse relationship exists between body size and tolerance to hypoxic environments. Since most predator–prey relationships that involve fish require predators to be significantly larger than their prey, it is possible that the smaller prey may exploit their greater tolerance to hypoxic environments and seek such environments as a refuge from their predators. We conducted experiments that provided individually identified prey (fathead minnowPimephales promelas) with three environments that varied in the level of dissolved oxygen. The environments also contained a single live predator (yellow perchPerca flavescens), thus requiring the fathead minnow to make habitat selection decisions involving the risk of predation. By using individuals whose movements could be tracked with passive integrated transponder tags, we demonstrated that initially the prey preferentially occupied locations with lower dissolved oxygen and that such locations successfully excluded the predator. Through time, the predator became capable of using these environments, diminishing the effectiveness of low dissolved oxygen as a refuge against predators. We discuss potential mechanisms for our results and discuss environmental characteristics that would generate physiological predation refuges.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".