Untold Stories of Loss: Mourning the ‘Enemy’ in Second World War Britain
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Italy's declaration of war on Britain in June 1940 had dramatic consequences for Italian immigrant families living within Britain, signalling their traumatic construction as the ‘enemy within’. Male Italians between the ages of sixteen and seventy who had been resident in Britain for less than twenty years and all those who had been identified by MI5 as members of Italian Fascist clubs were interned, with those categorized as the ‘most dangerous’ internees deported overseas. Tragedy struck when a ship transporting internees to Canada, the Arandora Star, was torpedoed killing over 800 people, including over 400 Italians. This article explores the ways in which the disaster was recalled within the personal narratives of descendants of the victims, reflecting upon how bereaved families endured their loss within a wider context of wartime anti-Italianism and how aspects of the grieving process remained unresolved through the subsequent decades. It also reflects upon the increasing memorialization of the disaster, which intensified after the interviews had taken place, and its implication for the author, as a historian working with personal testimonies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.019 | 0.022 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.010 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".