Improvement of Heat-Treated Fe/N/C-Based Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction in PEM Fuel Cells By Using New Carbon Black Powders as Catalyst Supports
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Several new developmental carbon blacks were prepared at the Sid Richardson Carbon Black Corporation by injecting ammonia, methane or water vapor in the carbon black furnace during their fabrication. These new carbon powders were then used to obtain Fe/N/C catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in the acidic conditions prevailing in PEM fuel cells. The best catalysts were obtained when ammonia and methane were injected in the carbon black furnace during its production. The results are interpreted in terms of structural changes induced in the carbon blacks during their fabrication. These changes influence their subsequent reaction rate with NH3 when the structurally modified carbon black supports, loaded with 0.2 wt% Fe, are heat-treated at 950 degrees Celcius in pure ammonia to obtain the catalysts. This etching reaction produces up to ten times more catalytic sites with these modified carbon blacks than with their respective regular forms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".