Lidar-retrieved cloud and precipitation parameters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A multiple-scattering lidar technique is used to retrieve simultaneously the extinction coefficient and the effective particle diameter of clouds and precipitation. In addition, the linear depolarization ratio is measured to determine the liquid or solid phase of the particles. The reported measurements were made with a ground-based multiple-field-of-view (MFOV) lidar pointed at zenith. The lidar was fired in 10-s bursts, every minute for periods ranging from 30 min to 3 hours. The vertical resolution was selectable from 1.5 to 6 m but typically set at 3 m. The retrieved profiles are collected in the form of time-height maps of 1 min x 3 m resolution of the extinction coefficient, effective particle diameter, and depolarization ratio. Here, we analyze only the cloud layer and identify, from the statistics of the retrieved extinction coefficient and effective droplet diameter, important physical behaviors of water clouds. The results not only demonstrate the validity of the lidar retrievals but show that systematic lidar probings can yield significant information on cloud physics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".