Adsorption of toluene into commercial organoclay in liquid phase: Kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Organoclays are usually used as sorbents to reduce the spread of organic compounds and to remove them at contaminated sites. This study investigated the liquid‐phase adsorption of toluene on organoclay (Spectrogel® Type C) of Brazilian company SpectroChem. In spite of not having a large amount of pores, this organoclay is a low‐cost, effective adsorbent. Regarding the pH investigations, considerable effects of pH on the adsorption process were not observed. In the kinetics studies, it was observed that the process comes into equilibrium after 1 h with rates of about 90 % toluene removal. The experimental kinetic data were best fitted by a mass transfer in external film model. For the equilibrium study, the best fit was by the MSAM model at 288.15 K, the Dubinin‐Radushkevitch model at 298.15 K, and the Sips model at 308.15 K. Further, the thermodynamic parameters showed that toluene adsorption on organoclay Spectrogel‐C is an endothermic process. For tests of regeneration, ethanol was the eluent, which proved more promising.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".