Ergometers Can Now Biomechanically Replicate Straight-Line Floor Wheelchair Propulsion: Three Models Are Presented
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wheelchair ergometers facilitate wheelchair related studies as they allow controlled experiments to be performed inside the laboratory. However, the results obtained from these experiments are of limited value unless we use wheelchair ergometers that biomechanically represent real-world wheelchair propulsion. We could not find any wheelchair ergometers in the literature to date, that have been validated considering all of these important biomechanical criteria: Velocity and acceleration, force and moment, trunk swing, inertial effect, energy consumption and the resistive force against propulsion. In this paper we have considered wheelchair propulsion on an ergometer and have compared it to straight-line floor wheelchair propulsion. From equating these two situations, we have found the necessary conditions to meet the above criteria. Finally, we propose three models for a wheelchair ergometer that satisfies these conditions and will be able to biomechanically represent straight-line floor wheelchair propulsion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".