Sex Steroid Hormones, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, and Obesity in Men and Women
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones in both males and females have been closely related to the regulation of adiposity, either through direct or indirect physiological mechanisms. Evidence also suggests a direct relationship between sex hormones and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. In the present review article, we will discuss recent studies that have examined the complex interrelationships between sex hormones, SHBG, obesity and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Male obesity and excess abdominal adipose tissue accumulation is associated with reductions in gonadal androgen and low adrenal C19 steroid concentrations. Reduced C19 steroids are also related to an altered metabolic risk factor profile including glucose intolerance and an atherogenic dyslipidemic state. However, the concomitant visceral obese state appears as a major correlate in these associations. In women, menopause-induced estrogen deficiency and increased androgenicity are associated with increased abdominal obesity and with the concomitant alterations in the metabolic risk profile. The accelerated accretion of adipose tissue in the intra-abdominal region coincident with the onset of menopause may explain part of the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. In both men and women, plasma levels of sex hormone-binding globulin are strong correlates of obesity and risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and more importantly, the relationships between low SHBG and altered plasma lipid levels appear to be independent from the concomitant increased levels of visceral adipose tissue. SHBG concentration may, therefore, represent the most important and reliable marker of the sex hormone profile in the examination of the complex interrelation of sex steroid hormones, obesity, and cardiovascular disease risk.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".