An Improved Shell Theory Applied for Failure Analysis of Pressure Vessels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Crack-face closure occurs physically at the compressive edges when a shell is subjected to bending loads. However, in traditional shell theories, crack closure effects are not concerned when evaluating the stress intensity factor (SIF). In reality, crack closure effects influence significantly the SIF. This article presents the theoretical and numerical analyses of crack-face closure effects on the stress intensity factor of shells under bending. The theoretical formulation is based on the shallow shell theory of Delale and Erdogan, incorporating the effects of crack-face closure, which are modeled by a line contact at the compressive edges of the crack faces. It is shown that due to curvature effects crack closure in shells may not occur on the entire length of the crack, depending on the nature of the bending loading and the geometry of the shell. To validate the theoretical solution finite element analysis (FEA) is also performed; the two results agree well. As an example, the stress intensity factor for a pressurized cylinder containing an axial crack is determined based on the improved shell theory which takes into account the effects of crack-face closure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".