Earth pressure measurements on buried HDPE pipe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An understanding of the stress distributions that act on buried pipes plays a key role in the development and use of design methods for these structures. The radial stresses that develop on buried flexible pipes have been investigated by a number of researchers through experimental, analytical and numerical methods. However, direct measurements of soil contact stresses acting on small-diameter pipes have not been possible, since commercial earth pressure cells are large, and the stiffness of the cell relative to the soil material is known to influence the measured stresses. A new technique is described for measuring the radial contact stresses acting on buried pipes, and experimental studies are reported that demonstrate the effectiveness of this new technique for measuring contact pressures for both loose and compacted sand backfills. Comparison of the measurements with computations from elastic soil–pipe interaction theory reveals significant discrepancies in the magnitude and distribution of radial pressure around the circumference of the pipe for both loose and compacted backfill conditions. The new measurement technology provides direct support for pressure distributions inferred in earlier studies from measurements of circumferential strains around the pipe circumference.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".