Policy challenges to implementing extended producer responsibility for packaging
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: This paper explores the essential policy elements of extended producer responsibility for packaging, and provides direction on two key policy elements that are currently the subject of considerable debate in Canada particularly, and North America more generally: mandatory or voluntary take‐back requirements, and hidden or visible levies. The approach taken to this study was qualitative and interactive, and included interviews with packaging manufactures, food producers, trade associations, academics, and senior government officials in Canada, Germany, Austria, Sweden, and Australia, as well as a workshop with Canadian packaging stakeholders. The results indicate that Canadian packagers and fillers have not shown a great deal of interest in assuming either physical and/or fiscal responsibility for the packaging wastes created by the products they sell. This fact, in combination with the policy direction of successful EPR programs, underscores the need for policies supporting mandatory take‐back obligations and integrated levy systems that ensure design for the environment. Sommaire: Cet article examine en profondeur les éléments stratégiques essentiels de la responsabilitéélargie des producteurs (REP) d'emballage, et présente une orientation à propos de deux éléments stratégiques clés qui font actuellement l'objet d'un grand débat au Canada en particulier et en Amérique du Nord, plus généralement: à savoir les exigences de reprise obligatoire ou volontaire et les taxes cachées ou visibles. L'approche adoptée par l'étude était à la fois qualitative et interactive et a comporté des interviews avec des entreprises d'emballage, des producteurs d'aliments, des associations commerciales, des universitaires et des hauts fonctionnaires au Canada, en Allemagne, en Autriche, en Suède et en Australie, ainsi qu'un atelier avec des actionnaires dans le secteur de l'emballage au Canada. Les résultats indiquent que les entreprises canadiennes d'emballage et d'emplissage n'ont pas manifesté grand intérêt à assumer leur responsabilité physique ou financière à l'égard des déchets d'emballage qui résultent des produits qu'elles vendent. Ce fait, ajoutéà l'orientation stratégique des programmes REP qui ont du succès, souligne la nécessité d'élaborer des politiques en faveur d'obligations de reprise obligatoire et de systèmes de taxes intégrees qui assurent la conception de produits favorables à l'environnement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".