The Sioux Hegira in Canada 1876–81: The Layering and Framing of Aboriginal Identity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Approximately 4,000 Teton Sioux Indians fled north into Canada throughout the period 1876–81, following the US Army's efforts to finally destroy the cultures of the Plains Aboriginal peoples. Led primarily by the great Sitting Bull, many of these Sioux refugees claimed to be 'British Indians' and demanded the right to settle permanently in Manitoba. It fell to the newly formed Northwest Mounted Police to attempt to force the Sioux back across the border, the Canadian government ignoring their pleas to settle and instituting a harsh starvation policy to rid Canada of these unwanted guests. This article examines the Sioux hegira from the perspective of identity, considering white-ascribed Aboriginal identity labels that served to reinforce the idea of where the Sioux actually belonged, and the organic Sioux identity which the refugees altered to achieve their aims of cultural survival and settlement in Canada. Why did the Sioux alter their identity, and did this strategy lead to success or failure?
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.044 | 0.042 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".