Changes in dielectric properties of<i>ex vivo</i>bovine liver at 915 MHz during heating
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have developed a coaxial measurement system for determining the time and temperature dependence of the dielectric properties of bovine liver at 915 MHz during heating. Our data suggest that changes in dielectric properties due to heating are dominated by the relaxation response of two tissue components: tissue water and proteins. At temperatures above 60 degrees C, the effects of these two components contribute to increases of up to 100% and 5% in the values of conductivity and permittivity respectively. Changes due to tissue water content were found to be reversible with temperature, while changes due to protein denaturation were found to be permanent. The temperature coefficients for reversible changes were found to be 1.82 +/- 0.28% degrees C(-1) and -0.130 +/- (5.9 x 10(-2))% degrees C(-1) for conductivity and permittivity respectively. The critical temperatures and activation energies leading to irreversible changes in conductivity and permittivity were determined using Arrhenius analysis. Frequency factors of (1.14 +/- 0.27) x 10(43) s(-1) and (1.95 +/- 0.49) x 10(36) s(-1) were determined for permittivity and conductivity respectively. The activation energies were calculated to be 70.7 +/- 15.8 kcal mol(-1) for permittivity and 60.1 +/- 14.0 kcal mol(-1) for conductivity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".