Colloidal Properties of Bio-Oils Obtained by Vacuum Pyrolysis of Softwood Bark. Storage Stability
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bio-oil obtained via the vacuum pyrolysis of softwood bark residues is a multiphase, viscous, unstable system composed of water-soluble and water-insoluble fractions. Using centrifugation, the bio-oil can be separated into an upper layer (ca. 16 wt %) and a bottom layer (ca. 84 wt %). The upper layer exhibits low contents of water, solid, and ash, as well as a low density, a low acidity, a high content of methanol-insoluble materials, a high viscosity, and a high calorific value. The physicochemical properties of the bottom layer are similar to those of the whole bio-oil, except the bottom layer contains greater contents of ash and water. Microscopic analysis of the bio-oil has revealed a multiphase complex colloidal system that is composed of solid particles, three-dimensional structures, and droplets. The upper layer represents the dispersed droplet phase, which is rich in waxy materials (fatty and resin acids) and water-insoluble compounds. It is the upper layer that, overall, provides the unique colloidal properties to this type of bio-oil. The morphology of the bottom layer is similar to that of the bio-oil matrix. The presence of microstructures in the whole bio-oil has been revealed by differential scanning calorimetry and rheology. The microstructures (e.g., waxy materials) in the bio-oil matrix are, in part, responsible for the bio-oil high viscosity and non-Newtonian behavior that is observed at low temperature (<50 °C). This behavior disappears when the heating temperature reaches the melting point of the three-dimensional structures contained in the bio-oil. The results have confirmed the colloidal nature of the bio-oil investigated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".