Development of nanoscale polarization fluctuations in relaxor-based (1-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:math>)Pb(Zn<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math>Nb<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math>)O<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:math>PbTiO<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>ferroelectrics studied by Brillouin scattering
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The precursor dynamics of ferroelectric phase transitions in relaxor-based ferroelectric ($1\ensuremath{-}x$)Pb(Zn${}_{1/3}$Nb${}_{2/3}$)O${}_{3}$-$x$PbTiO${}_{3}$ single crystals, with $x=0.07$, 0.10, and 0.12, were investigated using inelastic light scattering from a longitudinal acoustic phonon. An acoustic anomaly in a broad temperature range, which is characteristic of relaxor ferroelectrics, was observed. We describe the anomalies in the paraelectric phase by assuming local piezoelectric coupling inside polar nanoregions, which are surrounded by a nonpolar matrix. On the basis of local piezoelectric coupling, a relaxation time $\ensuremath{\tau}$ and a dynamic characteristic length $L$ of the order-parameter (polarization) fluctuations were determined to be in the order of 10${}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ s and 10${}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ m, respectively. The $\ensuremath{\tau}$ and $L$ values increase sharply upon cooling from high temperatures but more gradually below the intermediate temperature ${T}^{*}$ ($=493\ensuremath{-}510\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$). This result implies that the local polarization fluctuations grow rapidly upon cooling down to above ${T}^{*}$ and the growth rate decreases below ${T}^{*}$. The inflexion point of this growth process in the paraelectric phase is related to the characteristic properties of relaxor-based solid solutions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".