Understanding Chloroquine Action at the Molecular Level in Antimalarial Therapy: X-ray Absorption Studies in Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
X-ray absorption spectroscopy is used to determine the local atomic structure around the iron atom from a soluble synthetic analogue of malaria pigment (hemozoin), cf. ferrimesoporphyrin IX of mesohematin anhydride, in the absence or presence of chloroquine (CQ) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Of particular note are the CQ-induced changes in the structure of mesohematin anhydride, which might confirm the formation of CQ-ferrimesoporphyrin IX complex. Examination of solutions of mesohematin anhydride dissolved in DMSO reveals preservation of the dimerlike structure with the central iron atoms of the ferric porphyrin IX reciprocally linked by propionate side chains, which is typical for hematin anhydride (β-hematin). In the presence of CQ, additional light atoms, such as nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen, were detected surrounding the iron in a distance ranging from 2.48 to 3.77 Å. The changes introduced by CQ in DMSO are different from that observed in the acetic acid solution.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".