Scaling in force spectroscopy of macromolecules
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We use molecular dynamics to determine the force needed to rupture a chain molecule being stretched at constant loading rate and temperature. When all energy bonds of the molecule are identical, we find that the force $F$ depends on the pulling rate $r$ and temperature $T$ according to $F\ensuremath{\sim}\mathrm{const}\ensuremath{-}{T}^{1∕3}{\ensuremath{\mid}\mathrm{ln}(r∕T)\ensuremath{\mid}}^{1∕3}$. When a single weak bond is introduced, this result is modified to $F\ensuremath{\sim}\mathrm{const}\ensuremath{-}{T}^{2∕3}{\ensuremath{\mid}\mathrm{ln}(r∕T)\ensuremath{\mid}}^{2∕3}$. This scaling, which is model independent, can be used with experiment to quantitatively extract relevant microscopic parameters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".