<i>“Por Necesidad”</i>‐ Transnational labor movements, informality and wage determination: An exploratory study of maids on the U.S.‐Mexican border
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This paper investigates the market for domestic servants (maids) in a region along the U.S.‐Mexico border (Laredo, Texas). Survey responses from 195 maids and 194 employers of maids indicate that the border environment plays a significant role in the movement of maid labor, the informality of maid labor as well as the wage determination of maid labor. Two distinct maid subgroups—live‐in maids and day maids—as well as employers are discussed in detail. As expected, the “push” factor for becoming a maid was economic necessity while the “pull” factor was good pay. The employer was known to set the wage in a little over half the cases, maids set the wage rate about ten percent of the time and in the remaining cases wages were set through mutual bargaining. The reported results allow the creation of a baseline of data (e.g., demographics, legality, job search, border transparency, and employment statistics) for maids and their employers for further empirical investigation within the borderlands.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".