Calf-Thymus DNA Interaction with Cr(III)-Gallate and Cr(III)-Ethyl Gallate Studied by FTIR Spectroscopy and Capillary Electrophoresis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Cr(VI) salts are well known to be carcinogen, and are reduced by various cellular components to form cross-linked Cr(III) products. Organic compounds, such as gallic acid (GA) and ethyl gallate (EGA), reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) to form Cr(III)-gallate [Cr(III)-GA] and Cr(III)-ethyl gallate [Cr(III)-EGA] as final products. These Cr(III)-tannin complexes are DNA binders. The interaction of calf-thymus DNA with Cr(III)-GA and Cr(III)-EGA in aqueous solutions at physiological pH were studied at Cr(III)/DNA (phosphate) molar ratios (r) of 1 : 160, 1 : 80, 1 : 40, 1 : 20, 1 : 10, 1 : 4, and 1 : 2 using FTIR spectroscopy and capillary electrophoresis. An analysis by FTIR showed that at low concentrations (r = 1/80 and 1/40), Cr(III)-GA and Cr(III)–EGA mainly bind to the guanine N-7 atom of the G–C base pairs with minor perturbations of the A–T base pairs. At r > 1/20, a partial helix opening occurred with major perturbations of the G–C and A–T base pairs. At r > 1/10, aggregation of the Cr(III)-tannin–DNA complexes occurred. However, no DNA conformational changes were observed, and the DNA maintained the B-family structure. The binding constants of the Cr(III)-GA–DNA and Cr(III)-EGA–DNA were estimated to be 3.8 × 104 M−1 and 6.2 × 104 M−1, respectively, by Scatchard plots following capillary electrophoresis. These results suggest that the Cr(III)-tannin complexes are external DNA binders, and do not form a chelate with the DNA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".