Enhanced Transport of Heavy Metals Due to a CO2-acidified Brine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The leakage of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from deep geological storage into shallow aquifers has the potential to reduce the pH of the groundwater, which can facilitate dissolution and/or desorption of major cations and naturally occurring hazardous trace elements. Earlier studies show that desorption is the controlling mechanism for long term mobilization of solutes. In this paper, we study the mechanism of pH-dependent desorption of a cation (barium, Ba 2+ ) and its transport behavior through a porous medium with a reactive surface dominated by iron oxide. We performed column flood experiments and numerical simulations applying conditions that resemble CO 2 -acidified brine leaking in a carbonate free potable shallow aquifer. The results show the formation of a retarded concentration front of desorbing Ba 2+ , with peak having a maximum concentration much larger than the initial value. The amplitude of the peak is sensitive to the pH of the acidified brine and the overall desorbed Ba 2+ is controlled by the initial aquifer pH. This peak can locally exceed the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) regulated by the U.S. EPA presenting a health hazard.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".