Stress differences in the Martian lithosphere: Constraints on the thermal state of Mars
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Depth‐dependent density perturbations are determined inside the elastic part of the Martian lithosphere (assumed to be 300 km thick) using a thick elastic shell model, such that the deformed model under the loads of surface topography and the density perturbations gives rise to the observed topography and gravity anomalies of Mars specifies by spherical harmonics of degree 3–50. Large positive density perturbations, as high as ∼150 kg/m3, exist in the crust that are associated with Hellas, Isidis, Argyre, and Utopia basins, reflecting the mantle uplift in response to the impact excavation. Also, large positive density perturbations exist in the crust beneath Olympus (∼350 kg/m3) and Tharsis monts (∼200 kg/m3), indicating that these shield volcanoes are not isostatically compensated. On the other hand, negative density perturbations are associated with Alba Patera, Elysium rise, and the highland surrounding Hellas basin. The density perturbations gradually diminish with depth, becoming less than 20 kg/m3 by 250–300 km depth. The resulting stress differences within the crust and upper mantle are dominated by Olympus (up to 100 MPa), whereas other shield volcanoes create lesser stress differences. We estimate the brittle‐ductile transition temperature in the lithosphere, adopting the creep law of dry olivine for the rheology of the Martian lithosphere. The brittle‐ductile transition temperature beneath Olympus is ∼800C throughout the lithosphere, indicating that the upper parts of Mars must have been cold to support this volcano for 1–2 Gyr.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".