Parental inheritance and perinatal tobacco smoke exposure increase the gender-dependent risk of physician diagnosed asthma at preschool age
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Genetic inheritance and perinatal tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) have been proven to be critical for the development of childhood allergic diseases [1, 2]. This study investigated the interactive roles of parental allergic histories and TSE on the development of childhood asthma at 6 years old. A birth cohort in southern Taiwan was studied. Information about parental allergic histories, gender, prematurity, TSE, and childhood allergic disease ever diagnosed by a physician were acquired from questionnaire during follow up. Children were asked to follow up at 6 years of age for allergic questionnaire and sensitization examination (CAP system). In this cohort study, 748 of the children with complete data were analyzed. 217 (29%) of children had positive parental allergic history, 191 (25.5%) of children had TSE history, and 186 (24.9%) of children had been diagnosed as asthma by a physician in the first 6 years of life. In a regression analysis, physician diagnosed asthma ever in the first 6 years of life were significantly associated with male gender (OR: 1.941, 95% CI: 1.371-2.748, p<0.001), either parent with allergic diseases (OR: 1.548, 95% CI: 1.047-2.288, p=0.028), and TSE (OR: 1.504, 95% CI: 1.038-2.179, p=0.031), but not significantly associated with preterm (p=0.801). TSE with more than 20 cigarettes per day made children significantly higher risky to have physician-diagnosed-asthma than those with smoke exposure less than 20 cigarettes per day or those without smoke exposure (35%, 25% and 22.7% respectively, p=0.003). TSE was not related to physician diagnosed rhinitis, dermatitis or allergic sensitization by 6 years of age (p>0.5). Besides, TSE and parental allergic history had synergistic influence on the physician diagnosed asthma ever in the 6 years of life. This synergistic influence was significant in girls, rather than in boys (Table 1 ). In the prospective cohort study, we found that male gender, parental allergic history, and TSE were significantly associated with physician diagnosed asthma by 6 years of age. TSE and parental allergic history had synergistic effect on the physician diagnosed asthma by 6 years of age. This synergistic influence was significant in girls, rather than boys.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".