Umiujaq, northern Québec: innovative techniques to monitor the decay of a lithalsa in response to climate change
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We describe the introduction of several new techniques to measure and monitor permafrost properties at a site near the east coast of the Hudson Bay, northern Québec. Eight boreholes were sunk through a lithalsa to the permafrost base. High precision temperature sensors and a pressure sensor were installed in six boreholes to monitor the long‐time changes of the thermal field of the permafrost and internal pore pressure. Two open boreholes were used to carry out a ground penetrating radar transillumination survey to provide a tomographic image of the spatial distribution of electromagnetic wave velocities within the lithalsa. Cores taken from the permafrost below the active layer of the lithalsa show numerous oblique and fractured ice lenses indicative of extensive deformation of the lithalsa during its evolution. Examples of results of the new techniques applied in this study are provided. These techniques appear as very promising for permafrost studies in general. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".