Changes in genetic structure of North American <i>Bythotrephes</i> populations following invasion from Lake Ladoga, Russia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
1. We used allozyme electrophoresis to compare Bythotrephes longimanus (Crustacea: Onychopoda: Cercopagididae) from recently founded North American populations with those from native European populations, and to examine changes in genetic structure of North American populations over time. 2. The genetic structure of North American populations in 1996 was similar to that of European populations, because of the disappearance of founder effects which distinguished North American from European populations in 1989. 3. The Lake Ladoga, Russia population was more closely related to North American populations than to other European populations, consistent with non‐genetic evidence implicating Lake Ladoga as the source of North American populations. 4. Our results provide additional evidence of the presence of an invasion corridor that allows Urasian and Ponto‐Caspian species to be introduced into North American freshwater ecosystems, and show that founder effects can erode over time following establishment of invasive species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".